Polycystic ovary syndrome: the most effective dietary supplements

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects 5 to 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by an excess of androgens (male hormones), irregular or absent ovulation, and the presence of many small follicles in the ovaries. This syndrome is the most frequent cause of infertility related to anovulation. It is often associated with insulin resistance, weight gain, and an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Causes and mechanisms

PCOS is a complex disorder influenced by several factors: • Hyperandrogenism : The ovaries produce too many androgens, which disrupts ovulation. • Insulin resistance : About half of women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which worsens hyperandrogenism and creates a vicious cycle between hormonal and metabolic imbalances. • Genetic factors : There is a hereditary component to PCOS, with several genes involved in hormone production and the regulation of gonadotropins. • Neuroendocrine dysfunction : Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which controls reproductive hormones, also appears to play a role in PCOS.

Symptoms

The manifestations of PCOS vary among women, but the most common include: • Menstrual disorders : Irregular cycles or absence of periods due to anovulation. • Hyperandrogenism : Excessive hair growth (hirsutism), acne, and androgenic-type hair loss. • Infertility : Related to the absence of regular ovulation. • Metabolic complications : Obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on the Rotterdam criteria (2003), where two of the following three elements must be present: • Absence of ovulation or irregular cycles. • Signs of hyperandrogenism, clinically or biochemically evident. • Ovary containing at least 12 follicles visible on ultrasound or having a volume greater than 10 mL. Before confirming PCOS, it is important to exclude other causes of androgen excess, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia or Cushing's syndrome.

Treatment

Management of PCOS aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications: • Hormonal treatments : Oral contraceptives are often prescribed to regulate cycles, reduce androgens, and prevent the risk of endometrial hyperplasia. Antiandrogens can be used to reduce excessive hair growth. • Lifestyle modification : Losing weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity often improves insulin sensitivity and can restore ovulation in some women. • Fertility treatments : Medications that stimulate ovulation, such as clomiphene or letrozole, are prescribed to help women who wish to conceive. In some cases, in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be considered.