Neurodegenerative diseases: the most effective dietary supplements

Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a group of disorders marked by the progressive deterioration of neurons. These cells, essential to the functioning of the brain and nervous system, regenerate very little, making their loss often irreversible. Among the most common diseases are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. • Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. It begins with short-term memory problems, followed by a progressive decline in cognitive functions, speech, and decision-making abilities. Mechanisms include brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic loss, particularly in the hippocampus. • Parkinson’s disease: This disease affects the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and gait disturbances. It also includes non-motor symptoms, such as depression and sleep disorders. Deposits of the alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) play a central role. • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Known as Charcot disease, it affects motor neurons, causing progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. Genetic mutations, notably in the C9orf72 and SOD1 genes, contribute to the degeneration of nerve cells. • Frontotemporal dementias: These encompass disorders that cause degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes, altering social behavior, language, and emotions. They are distinguished by deposits of the TDP-43 and FUS proteins. • Huntington’s chorea: A rare genetic disease, it manifests with uncontrolled movements (chorea), psychiatric disturbances, and cognitive decline. Mutation of the HTT gene leads to a toxic accumulation of the huntingtin protein in the brain. Aging is the main common risk factor for these conditions. Mechanisms involve the accumulation of misfolded proteins, chronic inflammation, and impairment of the brain’s detoxification systems. Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins or viral infections can exacerbate the risk, as can genetic predispositions.