Type 2 diabetes: the most effective dietary supplements

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and a defect in the secretion of this hormone. Unlike type 1 diabetes, where there is autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, type 2 diabetes is mainly related to genetic and environmental factors. This condition usually begins after the age of 40, although it can also affect younger people, particularly in cases of obesity.

Pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes results from a series of metabolic disturbances. Insulin resistance is one of the major causes, in which the cells of the muscles, liver and adipose tissue no longer respond properly to insulin, limiting the entry of glucose into the cells. The pancreas compensates for this situation by secreting more insulin, which leads to hyperinsulinemia. However, this overproduction is not sufficient to normalize blood glucose, and insulin resistance is accompanied by dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells, which eventually become exhausted. This process is aggravated by increased glucose production by the liver and excessive secretion of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood glucose.

Etiology

Type 2 diabetes is the result of a complex interaction between genetic factors and lifestyle habits. A family history of diabetes increases the risk, as do epigenetic factors influenced by nutritional or environmental disturbances during gestation. Lifestyle plays a key role: an unbalanced diet high in calories and simple sugars, as well as physical inactivity, promote obesity, the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Symptoms

People with type 2 diabetes may present various symptoms, including excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased appetite, unexplained fatigue, and blurred vision. In some cases, unexplained weight loss may occur, as well as frequent infections, particularly of the skin and urinary tract.

Risk factors

Obesity, and in particular abdominal obesity, is one of the main risk factors. Other factors include older age, a family history of diabetes, a sedentary lifestyle, a diet high in sugars and saturated fats, and sleep disorders associated with sleep apnea. It has also been observed that certain exposures to environmental pollutants can disrupt the functioning of pancreatic cells.

Complications

Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes can lead to serious long-term complications. Cardiovascular diseases are common (hypertension, strokes...), as well as damage to the nerves (neuropathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy), which can lead to blindness. Another feared complication is the diabetic foot, which can lead to ulcers, severe infections and sometimes amputations.

Treatment

Management of type 2 diabetes is based on a comprehensive approach combining lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatments. Diet plays a crucial role: it is recommended to adopt a balanced diet, rich in fiber and including low-glycemic-index foods, while reducing simple sugars and saturated fats. Physical exercise is essential: 30 minutes of moderate activity per day can improve insulin sensitivity and help control weight. Pharmacologically, metformin is often the first-line treatment, due to its effectiveness in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic glucose production. Other medications may be prescribed depending on disease progression, such as DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, or insulin in more advanced cases.