Systemic lupus erythematosus: the most effective dietary supplements

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and the nervous system. The disease is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against the bodys own cells, which leads to inflammation and tissue damage. Lupus often follows a relapsing course, with periods of remission when symptoms are less severe.

Causes and Mechanism

Lupus occurs when the immune system attacks its own tissues, leading to widespread inflammation. This is due to a loss of immune tolerance, which triggers the production of autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies and anti-DNA antibodies. These antibodies form immune complexes that deposit in various organs, causing damage.

Risk Factors

SLE is more common in women, especially those of childbearing age, due to hormonal influences. Genetic predispositions play a role, as do certain environmental factors, such as infections, stress, sun exposure, or certain medications.

Symptoms

Lupus symptoms vary greatly from person to person and can affect many parts of the body. • Skin: Skin rashes, often in a butterfly shape on the face, and increased sensitivity to sunlight. Some people develop chronic patches called discoid lupus, or hair loss (alopecia). • Joints: Polyarthritis mainly affecting the small joints of the hands and wrists, causing pain and stiffness without causing permanent deformities. • General: Chronic fatigue, fever, anemia, and weight loss. • Kidneys: Lupus can cause glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the kidneys which, if left untreated, can progress to chronic kidney failure. • Nervous system: Neurological disorders, such as seizures, cognitive dysfunction, or psychosis, can occur. • Heart and lungs: Cardiac (pericarditis) or pulmonary (pleurisy) inflammations are common. Sometimes, lupus can cause pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Complications

Lupus can lead to serious complications. The most common include kidney failure, sometimes requiring dialysis or transplantation. Severe neurological disorders, such as seizures or psychiatric disorders, as well as cardiovascular diseases, are also possible consequences. Because the immune system is weakened, patients are also more susceptible to infections.

Treatment

Treatment for lupus aims to control symptoms, prevent flares, and minimize organ damage. • Long-term treatment: Hydroxychloroquine is commonly used for its anti-inflammatory effects and to reduce relapses. In severe forms, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or mycophenolate may be prescribed. • Treatment of flares: Corticosteroids are used to control acute inflammation. In some refractory cases, biologic treatments such as rituximab or belimumab are necessary. • Management of complications: Regular follow-up with specialists is essential to adjust treatments and monitor the emergence of complications. People with lupus should avoid prolonged sun exposure, stop smoking, and maintain moderate physical activity to reduce the risk of complications.