Atherosclerosis: the most effective dietary supplements

Atherosclerosis is a progressive process that affects large- and medium-sized arteries, causing narrowing and a loss of their elasticity. This disease can lead to serious complications, such as myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), which are among the leading causes of death in industrialized countries.

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of atheromatous plaques in the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques are mainly composed of lipids (notably LDL cholesterol), inflammatory cells, and collagen fibers. The process begins in childhood and progresses slowly under the influence of genetic and environmental factors. These plaques can rupture and trigger clot (thrombus) formation, blocking blood flow and causing severe ischemia. Plaques are often silent, but when they become symptomatic they can cause chest pain (angina), gait disturbances, or dizziness.

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

The risk factors for atherosclerosis can be divided into two categories: reversible and controllable factors, and irreversible and uncontrollable factors. Reversible and Controllable Factors • Elevated LDL Cholesterol: An excess of LDL cholesterol in the blood is a key factor in the development of atheromatous plaques. • Smoking: Smoking accelerates damage to the arterial walls and promotes plaque formation. • High Blood Pressure: Excessive pressure on the arterial walls worsens atherosclerosis. • Diabetes: Diabetes is associated with increased inflammation and greater plaque accumulation. • Sedentary Lifestyle and Obesity: Lack of physical activity and excess weight increase the risk of hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. • Stress: Chronic stress can worsen cardiovascular health. Irreversible and Uncontrollable Factors • Age: Risk increases with age. • Sex: Men are generally at higher risk than women before menopause. • Family History: A family history of cardiovascular disease increases risk.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Atheromatous plaques are generally asymptomatic until they become large enough to significantly reduce blood flow. Symptoms include angina, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, and dizziness. Tests such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) or Doppler ultrasound of the arteries can be used to visualize plaques and assess their severity. Risk factor assessment and the use of biomarkers also help establish an accurate diagnosis. Regular measurement of cholesterol levels and blood pressure is recommended for individuals at risk.

Treatment and Prevention

The treatment of atherosclerosis is mainly based on reducing LDL cholesterol levels using statins, which lower LDL levels by about 30%. PCSK9 inhibitors, a new class of drugs, reduce LDL levels even further, especially in people with a history of familial hypercholesterolemia. These medications significantly reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events such as strokes and myocardial infarctions. In secondary prevention, after a first ischemic event, statin prescription is standard. Lifestyle and Dietary Changes Adopting a healthy lifestyle is crucial to prevent and limit the progression of atherosclerosis. This includes: • Following a diet low in saturated fats: Reducing foods high in cholesterol and favoring unsaturated fatty acids (olive oil, fatty fish) helps limit LDL deposits in the arteries. Adopting the Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, and whole grains, is a good preventive approach. • Increasing physical activity: Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure, control weight, and improve cardiovascular health. • Quitting smoking: Smoking cessation reduces the risk of forming new plaques. Supplements and Trace Elements Certain trace elements and nutritional supplements have shown benefits for cardiovascular health: • Magnesium: It helps regulate blood pressure and improves arterial health. • Omega-3s: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, have anti-inflammatory effects and help reduce triglyceride levels. • Antioxidants: Vitamin C and vitamin E can help reduce inflammation and protect arterial walls against oxidation.