Biotin deficiency: the most effective dietary supplements

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is an essential water-soluble vitamin belonging to the B-vitamin complex. It plays a key role as a cofactor for several biotin-dependent enzymes involved in vital metabolic processes, such as fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid catabolism. Discovered in 1942, biotin is often associated with hair, skin, and nail health, as well as proper nervous system function. Biotin is primarily obtained from the diet, although some intestinal bacteria can synthesize it.

Dietary Sources of Biotin

Biotin is found in small amounts in many foods, including organ meats, cow's milk, and certain fruits and vegetables. Among biotin-rich foods are liver, egg yolk, brown rice, lentils, and brewer's yeast. These foods generally contain biotin bound to proteins, requiring enzymatic digestion to release free biotin, which is then absorbed by the intestine.

Symptoms and Consequences of Biotin Deficiency

Although biotin deficiency is rare, it can have serious consequences if not treated. Symptoms of biotin deficiency may include: • Muscle pain: People with biotin deficiency may experience muscle aches and cramps. • Exhaustion and fatigue: A lack of biotin can lead to persistent feelings of fatigue and exhaustion. • Loss of appetite: A decreased appetite may also be observed in deficient individuals. • Desquamative dermatitis: Biotin deficiency can cause red, scaly rashes, especially around the eyes, nose, and mouth. • Nervousness and depression: Neurological symptoms, such as nervousness, depression, and hallucinations, are common in cases of biotin deficiency. • Skin and hair problems: Deficiency may lead to grayish skin, hair loss, and hair discoloration. Populations at risk for biotin deficiency include people with inherited metabolic disorders such as biotinidase deficiency, patients with intestinal malabsorption, pregnant women, as well as smokers and chronic alcoholics.

Supplementation and Prevention of Deficiency

Biotin supplementation is often recommended to prevent and treat deficiencies, particularly in at-risk populations. The common therapeutic dose can be up to 10 mg per day to treat biotin deficiency. Lower doses are used for prevention, generally around 0.3 mg per day.