Multiple sclerosis: the most effective dietary supplements

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system, particularly in young adults. It is characterized by scattered inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord, leading to destruction of myelin, the insulating sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. rnrnThis demyelination disrupts the transmission of nerve signals, causing a variety of often disabling symptoms.

Causes: An attack on the nervous system

MS results from an abnormal immune response in which the immune system targets myelin proteins. It is a complex, multifactorial disease whose causes are still largely not well understood. However, several genetic and environmental factors have been identified as contributing to its development.rnrn• Inappropriate immune response: The presence of CD4 T lymphocytes within inflammatory plaques suggests that these cells play a central role in the attack on myelin. Autoantigens such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or oligodendrocyte-specific glycoprotein are often involved in this reaction.rnrn• Genetic factors: Susceptibility to MS is strongly associated with variants of the HLA-DR15 gene, which promote the mistaken recognition of myelin as an immune target. However, this predisposition alone does not fully explain disease onset.rnrn• Role of free radicals: A deficiency in antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, makes nerve cells vulnerable to attack by free radicals, exacerbating neuronal damage.rnrn• Environmental factors: Viral infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus infection, and vitamin D deficiency play a triggering role. Studies also suggest an influence of the gut microbiota, notably by bacteria capable of crossing the intestinal barrier and activating the immune system.

Symptoms

The symptoms of MS are variable and depend on the areas affected by the lesions: rnrn• Motor problems: muscle weakness, spasticity, and even paralysis.rnrn• Sensory changes: tingling, pins and needles, neuropathic pain.rnrn• Chronic fatigue: common and sometimes disabling.rnrn• Visual problems: optic neuritis, blurred or double vision.rnrn• Cognitive dysfunctions: memory problems, slowed information processing.rnrn• Sphincter disorders: urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction..

Treatments

Treatments for MS aim to reduce the frequency and severity of inflammatory relapses, slow disease progression, and manage symptoms. Major treatments include:rnrn• Immunomodulators: beta interferons, glatiramer acetate to reduce relapses.rnrn• Immunosuppressants: to reduce immune system activity, such as mitoxantrone.rnrn• Monoclonal antibodies: such as natalizumab, which blocks lymphocyte entry into the CNS.rnrn• Symptomatic treatments: rehabilitation, physical therapy, treatments for spasticity and pain.

Role of diet

MS, more common in Western countries, appears to be influenced by diet. The typical Western diet is rich in saturated fats, dairy products, refined grains, and rapidly absorbed sugars — elements associated with a risk of systemic inflammation and alterations in intestinal permeability. Increased intestinal permeability may favor the passage of bacterial peptides into the bloodstream, triggering inappropriate immune reactions.rnrnThe prevalence of MS is higher in populations that consume large amounts of dairy products and meats rich in saturated fats. Conversely, coastal populations in Norway or Japanese people, who consume more fish and vegetable oils rich in omega-3s, show a lower incidence of MS. Omega-3s have anti-inflammatory properties that may protect oligodendrocytes and limit demyelination.rnrnA diet adapted to managing multiple sclerosis focuses on a reduction of saturated fats and dairy products, often associated with inflammatory reactions, in favor of increased intake of unsaturated fats and essential micronutrients. Unsaturated fats, found in cold-pressed vegetable oils and fatty fish, provide omega-3 fatty acids and gamma-linolenic acid, known for their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.rnrnIt is also recommended to prioritize a diet rich in vitamins and minerals, notably vitamins C and E, selenium, and zinc, to reduce oxidative stress. rnrnIncluding unprocessed foods that are high in fiber and antioxidants supports intestinal barrier health, limiting the entry of immunogenic peptides into the bloodstream.rnrnFinally, eliminating pro-inflammatory substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and ultra-processed products is essential.

Prognosis

The prognosis of multiple sclerosis varies considerably from patient to patient. Relapsing-remitting forms, which account for about 85% of cases at onset, are often associated with a better prognosis, especially if relapses are infrequent and mild during the first years.rnrnFactors such as younger age at diagnosis, female sex, and the absence of significant disability after the first relapses are also linked to a more favorable course. rnrnConversely, progressive forms, whether primary or secondary, tend to evolve toward greater disability over the years, particularly in the absence of treatment.rnrnComprehensive care, including medical follow-up, tailored rehabilitation, and dietary adjustments, can help improve quality of life and limit the impact on daily activities.rnrn