Kidney stone: the most effective dietary supplements

Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid deposits formed by crystals in the kidneys. They result from the crystallization of substances that are normally dissolved in urine.

Etiology and pathogenesis

• Calcium stonesApproximately 75 to 80 % of kidney stones contain calcium, mostly in the form of calcium oxalate, alone or combined with calcium phosphate. Risk factors include hypercalciuria (excessive excretion of calcium in the urine), often caused by excessive absorption, renal leak, or hormonal disorders such as hyperparathyroidism. • HypocitraturiaCitrate inhibits the formation of calcium stones. Hypocitraturia, or decreased urinary citrate, can lead to the formation of these stones. • HyperoxaluriaHyperoxaluria can be primary (genetic) or secondary (for example, due to certain intestinal conditions). A diet high in oxalate (spinach, chocolate) can also increase the risk. • HyperuricosuriaExcessive excretion of uric acid in the urine can promote the formation of uric acid stones or serve as a nidus for calcium stones.

Clinical presentation

Typical symptoms include renal colic, characterized by severe, sudden flank pain radiating to the abdomen and groin. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, hematuria (blood in the urine), and urinary disturbances.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is primarily based on imaging, such as ultrasound or spiral computed tomography (CT). Urine and stone analysis, as well as blood tests to assess levels of calcium, phosphate, and uric acid, are also essential.

Treatment

Immediate treatment aims to relieve pain, treat any infection, and facilitate stone passage. Options include increasing fluid intake, using medications to dissolve stones, and, in some cases, surgical interventions such as lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Prevention

• Hydration : Maintain a urine output of more than 2 liters per day. • Diet : Reduce intake of protein and sodium, and do not excessively restrict calcium intake. • Medications : Use of thiazide diuretics for hypercalciuria, potassium citrate for hypocitraturia, and allopurinol for hyperuricosuria.