Gestational diabetes: most effective dietary supplements

Gestational diabetes is defined as a disorder of glucose tolerance, of variable severity, that begins or is first diagnosed during pregnancy. This disorder leads to hyperglycemia of variable severity and may require different levels of treatment. The global prevalence of gestational diabetes ranges between 2 and 6%, with higher rates observed in certain populations such as in India, the Middle East and Sardinia. In metropolitan France, about 8% of pregnancies are affected.

Pathophysiology

During the first half of pregnancy, there is an increase in insulin production and sensitivity to this hormone. However, in the second half, glucose tolerance decreases due to increased placental hormonal secretion, leading to insulin resistance. When the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin, hyperglycemia develops, characterizing gestational diabetes.

Risk factors

The main risk factors for gestational diabetes include: • Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) • Age 35 years or older • Family history of type 2 diabetes • Personal history of gestational diabetes.

Complications

Maternal complications: • Preeclampsia • Increased risk of cesarean delivery • Psychological disorders such as anxiety and postpartum depression. Fetal complications: • Macrosomia • Tissue hypoxia • Delayed lung maturation • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Treatment

Management of gestational diabetes includes: • Self-monitoring of blood glucose (at least four to six times per day) • Dietary and lifestyle measures • If necessary, insulin therapy (which does not pose a risk to the fetus).

Screening

Screening for gestational diabetes is generally performed between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy. It includes measurement of fasting blood glucose and, if necessary, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Prognosis for the mother: • The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is increased sevenfold and persists for at least 25 years. • Increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.