Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the most effective dietary supplements

Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are respiratory conditions characterized by a persistent and progressive obstruction of the airways, limiting the flow of air into and out of the lungs. These diseases are often associated with chronic airway inflammation and destruction of lung tissue, which leads to a decrease in lung capacity and impaired gas exchange at the alveolar level.​

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of COPD involves a series of complex mechanisms, including chronic airway inflammation, hypertrophy of mucus-secreting cells, impairment of the respiratory cilia, and destruction of alveolar walls. These processes are exacerbated by exposure to irritants such as tobacco, pollutants, and respiratory infections. Bronchial obstruction is mainly due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous and submucous cells, resulting in excessive mucus production and peribronchial fibrosis.​

Risk factors

The main risk factors for chronic lung diseases include smoking, which is responsible for more than 80% of COPD cases. Other factors include exposure to air pollution, severe respiratory infections during childhood, occupational exposure to harmful substances, and, in some cases, a genetic predisposition such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.​

Symptoms

COPD symptoms generally appear after years of exposure to risk factors and include a chronic cough, mucous sputum, and progressive shortness of breath that can become disabling. In advanced stages, the disease can lead to chronic respiratory failure with frequent exacerbations, requiring urgent medical care and sometimes hospitalization.​

Treatment

The treatment of chronic lung diseases aims to slow disease progression, improve symptoms, and prevent exacerbations. This includes smoking cessation, the use of bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and, in severe cases, long-term oxygen therapy. Pulmonary rehabilitation, which includes physical exercise and patient education, also plays a key role in managing these diseases​.