Attention deficit disorders: the most effective dietary supplements

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by three main types of symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms are grouped into three subtypes: predominantly inattentive ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, and the combined type, where all three manifestations are present.

Pathophysiology

The causes of ADHD are mainly neurobiological with a strong genetic component, estimated between 60% and 90%. Dysfunctions mainly affect the prefrontal cortex, involved in the regulation of attention, and the dopaminergic system. The most accepted neurocognitive model is based on a deficit of executive functions, notably the ability to inhibit behaviors, to plan, and to regulate emotions and time. Brain imaging studies have shown abnormalities in certain cortical and subcortical regions, as well as an imbalance of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.

Risk factors

Risk factors are genetic, such as a family history of ADHD, or environmental, such as perinatal complications (prematurity, low birth weight), family problems (parental psychopathology, inadequate parent-child interactions), and low socioeconomic status, which increase the risk of ADHD.

Symptoms

Symptoms include: • Inattention: Difficulty concentrating on tasks, frequent forgetfulness, difficulty completing activities. • Hyperactivity: Constant motor restlessness, difficulty remaining still, disorganized activities. • Impulsivity: Difficulty waiting one's turn, tendency to interrupt others, making decisions without thinking about the consequences.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of ADHD is primarily based on clinical criteria, as defined by the DSM-5 and ICD-10. It requires the presence of at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, observed in at least two settings (for example, at school and at home), with a significant impact on social or academic functioning. The diagnosis is often supplemented by questionnaires and neuropsychological tests to assess the degree of executive function impairment.

Course

ADHD often persists into adulthood, although hyperactivity symptoms tend to decrease over time. Inattention and impulsivity remain more pronounced in adults, leading to social and occupational difficulties. The course is often influenced by factors such as the severity of symptoms during childhood and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities (mood disorders, anxiety, etc.).

Treatment

Management of ADHD is multimodal and includes: • Pharmacological treatment: Psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate, are the first-line treatment. They act by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, notably dopamine and norepinephrine. • Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy is used to teach strategies for managing symptoms and behaviors. Parent guidance is also essential to help families manage associated behaviors. • Educational support: Academic accommodations are often necessary to help children with ADHD succeed at school. Recent research highlights the importance of nutrition in the management of ADHD: • Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA): Essential for proper brain function, they improve attention and memory. • Vitamins B2, B6, B9, B12 and D: Deficiencies are frequently associated with cognitive and behavioral disorders. • Magnesium: Reduces hyperactivity and impulsivity by regulating nerve functions.