Anemia: most effective dietary supplements

Anemia is a condition in which the concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin—a key protein that carries oxygen in the blood—is lower than normal. In adults, the threshold for anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below 13 g/dL in men and 11.5 g/dL in women. In pregnant women, this threshold is 10.5 g/dL from the second trimester onward. A reduction in red blood cells can be caused by blood loss, increased destruction of these cells, or a decrease in their production.

Causes of anemia

Anemias can be classified into three main causes: • Blood loss: This type of anemia is often related to heavy menstrual periods, ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding (caused by prolonged use of aspirin or NSAIDs), or tumors of the kidney or bladder. • Impaired production of red blood cells: This condition includes anemias caused by deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folates, as well as by chronic diseases such as kidney failure or autoimmune diseases. • Excessive destruction of red blood cells: This refers to hemolytic anemias, in which red blood cells are destroyed more quickly than they are produced. The most common form of anemia is iron deficiency anemia, caused by a lack of iron. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin in the bone marrow. This deficiency may result from insufficient dietary iron intake, chronic bleeding (ulcers, heavy periods), or diseases such as celiac disease, which disrupts iron absorption.

Symptoms of anemia

Anemia can sometimes go unnoticed when it develops gradually. However, common symptoms include: • Noticeable paleness, especially of the skin and conjunctivae. • Severe fatigue or general weakness. • Shortness of breath after mild exertion. • Dizziness, headaches, and heart palpitations. In some patients, anemia can also cause menstrual disorders, loss of libido, and, in severe cases, congestive heart failure.

Treatment of anemia

The treatment of anemia depends on its cause. Iron supplements are the treatment of choice for iron deficiency anemia. Among the most common forms are ferrous sulfate, fumarate, and ferrous gluconate, which are often preferred for their higher bioavailability. Studies show that taking iron supplements can increase hemoglobin levels by 1 g/dL every 2 to 3 weeks, but it may take up to 4 months to fully replenish the body’s iron stores. In addition, vitamin C is a key factor in optimizing iron absorption. Studies in anemic hemodialysis patients have shown that taking 200 to 300 mg of vitamin C three times a week for 3 to 6 months can increase hemoglobin levels by 0.9 g/dL.

Iron supplementation

Historically, iron has been given in daily doses. However, recent studies suggest that intermittent supplementation (1 to 3 times per week) may be just as effective, or even better for some patients, as it improves iron absorption and reduces gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea or constipation. For patients with severe anemia, daily supplementation or even twice-daily dosing may be necessary for a faster response. In addition, intravenous iron administration may be considered in cases of intolerance to oral iron or severe anemia requiring blood transfusions.

Prevention and dietary advice

Prevention of anemia relies largely on a balanced diet. Foods rich in heme iron, such as meat and fish, are the most easily absorbed by the body, with an absorption rate of up to 25%, compared with less than 5% for non-heme iron from plant sources. It is also recommended to include sources of vitamin C in meals to maximize iron absorption. In pregnant women, iron requirements increase significantly, with recommended intakes of 20 to 30 mg per day during pregnancy. Regular medical follow-up and blood tests help detect deficiencies early and adjust treatment.